| 15 September 2011 |
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Avian Influenza
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Causative agent
There are various types of influenza viruses. Avian influenza is caused by those influenza viruses that mainly affect birds and poultry, such as chickens or ducks. These avian influenza viruses do not usually infect humans. However, human cases (mainly due to influenza A H5N1 and H9N2 viruses) have been identified in Hong Kong and other parts of the world.
Clinical features
The clinical presentations of avian influenza in humans include eye infection (conjunctivitis), flu-like symptoms (e.g. fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches) or severe respiratory illness (e.g. pneumonia). The more virulent forms (e.g. infection by H5N1 viruses) can result in respiratory failure, multi-organ failure and even death.
Mode of transmission
People mainly become infected with avian influenza through close contact with infected birds and poultry (live or dead) or their droppings.
Management
Patients should get adequate rest and drink plenty of fluids. Supportive treatment can relieve symptoms. Those with flu-like symptoms should seek medical advice, especially those with weakened body resistance, or if their condition deteriorates, e.g. persistent high fever or shortness of breath.
Avian influenza H5N1 is generally more severe than a common flu, and most patients require hospital care. Some anti-viral drugs may be effective in treating the condition. However, these drugs should be used carefully following doctor's instructions as they may cause adverse effects. Unless there is bacterial infection, antibiotics should not be used. Aspirin should not be used by children to avoid the risk of inducing Reye's Syndrome.
Prevention
Infected birds and poultry (live or dead) or their droppings may carry avian influenza virus. Therefore, members of the public should:
- Avoid touching birds or poultry (live or dead) or their droppings.
- If you have been in contact with birds or poultry, wash hands with liquid soap immediately and thoroughly.
- Cook poultry and egg products thoroughly before eating.
- Avoid touching birds or poultry when travelling outside Hong Kong. Travellers returning from affected areas should consult doctors promptly if they have flu-like symptoms. Inform the doctor of your travel history and wear a mask to help prevent the spread of the disease.
Observe hygiene at all times.
- Keep hands clean, wash hands frequently with liquid soap, especially before eating, or touching the nose, mouth or eyes.
- Cover your mouth and/or nose with tissue paper when coughing or sneezing. Dispose of the soiled tissues properly, e.g. into a rubbish bin with lid, and then wash hands thoroughly.
- If flu-like symptoms develop, stay at home and avoid going to crowded or poorly ventilated places
At present, there is no effective vaccine to prevent avian influenza in humans. Good body resistance helps prevent infections (including influenza). This can be achieved through a balanced diet, regular exercise and adequate rest, reducing stress and not smoking.
Other languages
Avian influenza fact sheet (Simplified version):
Avian influenza Pamphlet (Simplified version):
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