Causative agent

Meningococcal infection is caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis.

Mode of transmission

The disease can be transmitted by direct contact through droplets of respiratory secretions from infected persons.

Incubation period

Varies from 2 to 10 days, commonly 3 to 4 days.

Clinical features

The clinical picture may be variable. Severe illness may result when the bacteria invade the bloodstream (causing meningococcaemia) or the brain (causing meningococcal meningitis). Meningococcaemia is characterised by the sudden onset of fever, intense headache, purpura, shock and even death in severe cases. Meningococcal meningitis is characterised by high fever, severe headache, stiff neck followed by drowsiness, vomiting, fear of bright lights, or a rash; and can cause brain damage or even death.

Treatment

Meningococcal infection is a serious illness. Patients should be treated immediately with suitable antibiotics. Close contacts would need to be placed under surveillance for early signs of disease and may be given preventive medications.

Prevention

1. Observe personal hygiene, keep hands clean and wash hands properly.
2. Wash hands when they are dirtied by respiratory secretions, e.g. after sneezing.
3. Cover nose and mouth while sneezing or coughing and dispose of nasal and mouth discharge properly.
4. Travellers to high risk areas may consult your doctor for meningococcal vaccination.
5. Travellers returning from high risk areas should seek medical advice if they become ill after returning from their trips. They should discuss their recent history with the doctor.