Key Findings

From 2016 to 2023, the percentage of patients with positive blood cultures remained stable at around 9-11%. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common organisms. The findings present a mixed landscape of antimicrobial resistance; despite some improvements, there are significant and concerning increases in resistance for several key pathogens, including rising carbapenem resistance.

• Escherichia coli: While susceptibility to community and hospital-onset cefepime and community-onset ceftazidime has improved, non-susceptibility to community and hospital-onset ertapenem and community-onset cefotaxime has significantly increased.
• Klebsiella pneumoniae: Non-susceptibility to carbapenems like imipenem (community and hospital-onset), meropenem, and ertapenem is rising significantly in hospital settings, while other antibiotics show stable trends.
• Staphylococcus aureus: Oxacillin non-susceptibility remains stably high, with non-susceptibility rates consistently around 55% for hospital-onset and 35-40% for community-onset infections.
• Acinetobacter species: Shows a significant rise in non-susceptibility to key antimicrobials like carbapenems, gentamicin, and amikacin in hospitals.
• Non-typhoidal Salmonella species: Susceptibility to co-trimoxazole is improving, but ampicillin non-susceptibility is significantly increasing in the community.
• Streptococcus pneumoniae: Demonstrates a significant increasing non-susceptibility trend to both penicillin and cefotaxime in community-onset infections.
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Imipenem non-susceptibility is on the rise, especially in hospital settings, while other antipseudomonal agents remain stable.
• Haemophilus influenzae: Non-susceptibility to ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanate in the community has remained stable despite yearly fluctuations.

Key Findings

From 2016 to 2023, the percentage of patients with positive urine cultures remained stable at around 14-15%. Escherichia coli was the most common organism. The findings present a mixed landscape of antimicrobial resistance; while non-susceptibility to some antibiotics like co-trimoxazole has decreased, there are significant and concerning increases in non-susceptibility to amikacin for both Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and to meropenem for K. pneumoniae.

• Escherichia coli: While community and hospital-onset non-susceptibility to co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, and nitrofurantoin decreased, non-susceptibility to amikacin increased significantly for both community and hospital-onset cases.
• Klebsiella pneumoniae: While community and hospital-onset co-trimoxazole non-susceptibility decreased, non-susceptibility to community and hospital-onset amikacin and hospital-onset meropenem increased significantly.

Key Findings

From 2016 to 2023, the percentage of patients with positive stool cultures remained stable at around 10%. Non-typhoidal Salmonella species was the most common organism. The findings present a mixed landscape of antimicrobial resistance; while non-susceptibility to co-trimoxazole in Shigella species has decreased, there are significant and concerning increases in non-susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and co-trimoxazole for non-typhoidal Salmonella species.

• Non-typhoidal Salmonella species:
  • Non-susceptibility to community-onset ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and co-trimoxazole all showed significant increasing trends from 2016-2023, with ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility being particularly high.
• Shigella species:
  • Non-susceptibility to co-trimoxazole in community-onset infections showed a significant decreasing trend from 2016-2023.

Key Findings

From 2020 to 2023, the percentage of patients with positive cerebrospinal fluid cultures remained stable at less than 2%. No single WHO priority pathogens remained consistently dominant. According to the WHO GLASS manual, susceptibility results for cerebrospinal fluid cultures are not reported, as all pathogen-antimicrobial combinations had fewer than 10 antimicrobial susceptibility testing results.

Key Findings

From 2016 to 2023, the percentage of patients with positive lower respiratory cultures remained stable at around 45%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common organisms. The findings present a mixed landscape of antimicrobial resistance; while decreases in non-susceptibility were observed for some pathogens, such as oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and co-trimoxazole-resistant E. coli, there were significant and concerning increases in non-susceptibility for Acinetobacter species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.

• Escherichia coli: Non-susceptibility to co-trimoxazole has significantly decreased in both community and hospital settings.
• Klebsiella pneumoniae: While community and hospital-onset co-trimoxazole non-susceptibility has decreased, non-susceptibility to hospital-onset cefepime has increased.
• Staphylococcus aureus: Non-susceptibility to oxacillin has shown a statistically significant decrease for both community and hospital-onset cases.
• Acinetobacter species: There are significant increasing trends in non-susceptibility to community and hospital-onset imipenem and hospital-onset gentamicin.
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Significant increasing trends in non-susceptibility are observed for community and hospital-onset ceftazidime, gentamicin, and hospital-onset piperacillin/tazobactam.
• Haemophilus influenzae: While community and hospital-onset co-trimoxazole non-susceptibility has decreased, non-susceptibility to community and hospital-onset ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, and hospital-onset levofloxacin has increased.
• Streptococcus pneumoniae: Community-onset penicillin non-susceptibility is increasing, while community and hospital-onset cefotaxime non-susceptibility is decreasing.