Key Findings

From 2016 to 2024, the percentage of patients with positive blood cultures remained stable at around 9-11%. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common organisms. The findings present a mixed landscape of antimicrobial resistance; with significant increasing trends observed in non-susceptibility to key antibiotics, including carbapenems, for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter species, while some improvements (e.g., E. coli against cefepime) and stable resistance (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus against oxacillin/vancomycin) are also noted.

• Escherichia coli: Non-susceptibility to both community and hospital-onset cefepime is significantly decreasing, while non-susceptibility to community-onset cefotaxime and both community and hospital-onset ertapenem is significantly increasing.
• Klebsiella pneumoniae: Non-susceptibility is significantly increasing for community-onset cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ertapenem, and imipenem, and for hospital-onset ertapenem, imipenem, and meropenem.
• Staphylococcus aureus: Non-susceptibility to oxacillin and vancomycin shows no significant trend for both community and hospital-onset cases.
• Acinetobacter species: Hospital-onset non-susceptibility to gentamicin, imipenem, and meropenem shows a significant increasing trend.
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Community-onset non-susceptibility to gentamicin, imipenem, and levofloxacin shows a significant increasing trend.
• Non-typhoidal Salmonella species: Community-onset non-susceptibility is significantly decreasing for co-trimoxazole but significantly increasing for ampicillin.
• Streptococcus pneumoniae: Community-onset non-susceptibility is significantly decreasing for co-trimoxazole but significantly increasing for cefotaxime.
• Haemophilus influenzae: Community-onset non-susceptibility to amoxicillin/clavulanate shows a significant increasing trend.

Key Findings

From 2016 to 2024, the percentage of patients with positive urine cultures remained stable at around 14-15%. Escherichia coli was the most common organism. The findings present a mixed landscape of antimicrobial resistance; while non-susceptibility to some antibiotics like co-trimoxazole has decreased, there are significant and concerning increases in non-susceptibility to amikacin for both Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and to meropenem for K. pneumoniae.

• Escherichia coli: While non-susceptibility to co-trimoxazole, gentamicin, and nitrofurantoin decreased, non-susceptibility to amikacin increased significantly.
• Klebsiella pneumoniae: While co-trimoxazole non-susceptibility decreased, non-susceptibility to amikacin and hospital-onset meropenem increased significantly.

Key Findings

From 2016 to 2024, the percentage of patients with positive stool cultures remained stable at around 10%. Non-typhoidal Salmonella species was the most common organism. The findings present a mixed landscape of antimicrobial resistance; while non-susceptibility to co-trimoxazole in Shigella species has decreased, there are significant and concerning increases in non-susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and co-trimoxazole for non-typhoidal Salmonella species.

• Non-typhoidal Salmonella species: Non-susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and co-trimoxazole all showed significant increasing trends from 2016-2024.
• Shigella species: Non-susceptibility to co-trimoxazole in community-onset infections showed a significant decreasing trend from 2016-2024.

Key Findings

From 2020 to 2024, the percentage of patients with positive cerebrospinal fluid cultures remained stable at less than 2%. No single WHO priority pathogens remained consistently dominant. According to the WHO GLASS manual, susceptibility results for cerebrospinal fluid cultures are not reported, as all pathogen–antimicrobial combinations had fewer than 10 antimicrobial susceptibility testing results.

Key Findings

From 2020 to 2024, the percentage of patients with positive lower respiratory cultures remained stable at around 30%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were the most common organisms. The findings present a mixed landscape of antimicrobial resistance; while decreases in non-susceptibility were observed for some pathogens, such as oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and co-trimoxazole-resistant E. coli, there were significant and concerning increases in non-susceptibility for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

• Escherichia coli: Non-susceptibility to co-trimoxazole has significantly decreased in both community and hospital settings.
• Klebsiella pneumoniae: While both community and hospital-onset co-trimoxazole non-susceptibility has decreased, non-susceptibility to hospital-onset cefepime has increased.
• Staphylococcus aureus: Non-susceptibility to oxacillin has shown a statistically significant decrease for both community and hospital-onset cases.
• Acinetobacter species: There are significant decreasing trends in non-susceptibility to community and hospital-onset meropenem, amikacin and community-onset gentamicin.
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Significant increasing trends in non-susceptibility are observed for community and hospital-onset ceftazidime, gentamicin, and hospital-onset piperacillin/tazobactam.
• Streptococcus pneumoniae: Community-onset penicillin non-susceptibility is increasing, while both community and hospital-onset cefotaxime non-susceptibility is decreasing.
• Haemophilus influenzae: For community and hospital-onset cases, while co-trimoxazole non-susceptibility has decreased, non-susceptibility to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, and hospital-onset levofloxacin has increased.